Master APA 7 referencing

For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation.

One author

• Parenthetical citation:
  (Luna, 2020)

• Narrative citation:
  Luna (2020)

Two authors

• Parenthetical citation:
  (Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)

• Narrative citation:
  Salas and D’Agostino (2020)

Reference:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), p. 266

For a work with three or more authors, include only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.

Three or more authors

• Parenthetical citation:
  (Martin et al., 2020)

• Narrative citation:
  Martin et al. (2020)

Note: This is different from APA 6th edition.

More information:
https://nyp-sg.libguides.com/c.php?g=926326&p=6690789

Reference:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), p. 266

i) Group author with abbreviation

Parenthetical citation

• First citation:
  (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020)

• Subsequent citations:
  (NIMH, 2020)

Narrative citation

• First citation:
  National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020)

• Subsequent citations:
  NIMH (2020)

ii) Group author without abbreviation

• Parenthetical citation:
  (Stanford University, 2020)

• Narrative citation:
  Stanford University (2020)

• Includes authored books and edited books

• For ebooks, the format, platform, and device (such as Kindle) are not included

• For a chapter in an authored book, provide the reference for the whole book and include the chapter in the in-text citation only

Whittaker, J. (2019). Tech giants, artificial intelligence, and the future of journalism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351013758

Karaoulani, A. (2020). Small business management: A road map for survival during crisis. Business Expert Press.

Koh, T. (Ed.). (2020). Fifty secrets of Singapore’s success. Straits Times Press.

Punt, M. (2020). [Review of MEDICAL TECHNICS, by D. Idhe]. Leonardo, 53(5), 581–582. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26952038

Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer (D. Wright, Ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.

Includes entries in reference works (e.g. dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia)

(from most academic research databases or print version)

Colgan, S. T., Mazzeo, T., & Orr, R. (2018). Regulatory expectations and industry practice on stability testing.
In F. Qiu & G. Scrivens (Eds.), Accelerated predictive stability (pp. 15–32). Academic Press.

💡If information about the periodical (for e.g., volume number, issue number or page range) is not available, exclude it from the reference.

Gigerenzer, G., & Garcia-Retamero, R. (2017). Cassandra’s regret: The psychology of not wanting to know. Psychological Review, 124(2), 179–196.
https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000055

Papay, C. K., & Girdal, M. (2019). A review of the literature on postsecondary education for students with intellectual disability 2010–2016: Examining the influence of federal funding and alignment with research in disability and postsecondary education. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 32(4), 477–443.
https://eric.ed.gov/?

Rea, A., & Yeates, N. (2020). Open sourcing the pedagogy to activate the learning process. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 16(2), 1–17.

Basuki, F., Hadiati, D. R., Turner, T., McDonald, S., & Hakimi, M. (2019). Dilute versus full‑strength formula in exclusively formula‑fed preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007263.pub3

Tan, C. (2020, 17 Apr). This local fashion influencer is doing a wardrobe reality check & selling luxe pieces to support Covid‑19 relief efforts. 8 Days, 16(45).

Tay, T. F. (2020, May 4). RCEP agreement on track to be signed by year end: Chan Chun Sing. The Straits Times.
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/rcep-agreement-on-track-to-be-signed-by-year-end-chan-chun-sing

💡If the author name and the site name are the same, exclude the site name from the source information

When to use this:
Use this format for news articles published on online news sites such as CNA, BBC News, CNN, or Bloomberg.

💡To cite articles from online newspapers, please see newspaper articles.

Chia, L. (2020, April 26). Enough for 30,000 free meals – donations stun NTU undergrads cooking bento for the needy. CNA.
https://localnewsingapore.com/enough-for-30000-free-meals-donations-stun-ntu-undergrads-cooking-beehoon-for-the-needy/

When to use this:
Use this format when the webpage is written by an organisation, institution, or government body (no individual author named).

National Centre for Infectious Diseases. (2020, April 24). Infection Control Guidelines for Healthcare Facilities.
https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Pages/Infection-Control-Guidelines-for-Healthcare-Facilities.aspx

When to use this:
Use this format when a specific person is credited as the author of the webpage.

Price, S. (2019, November 14). Technology and healthcare: Working together for a healthier future.
https://www.healtheuropa.eu/technology-and-healthcare-working-together/94898/

When to use this:
Use this format when no publication date is provided on the webpage.

Interaction Design Foundation. (n.d.). What is Design Thinking?
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/design-thinking

When to use this:
Use this format for reports published by organisations, agencies, or institutions, including policy papers, technical reports, and research reports.

💡If the publisher is the same as the author, exclude the publisher from the source information.

When to use this:
Use this format for reports issued by government bodies, statutory boards, or organisations (e.g. ministries, tourism boards, public agencies).

Singapore Tourism Board. (2020). Annual Report: 2019/2020. https://go.gov.sg/stb-ar-19-20

When to use this:
Use this format for official annual reports published by organisations or companies, usually summarising yearly performance and activities.

Infocomm Media Development Authority. (2019). Expanding our global focus, transforming our digital future: Infocomm Media Development Authority Annual Report 2018/19.
https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/About/Resources/Corporate-Publications/Annual-Report/IMDA-Annual-Report-2018-19.pdf

When to use this:
Use this format when citing statistical data or datasets published by government departments, organisations, or data portals.

Manpower Research and Statistics Department. (2020). Summary Table: Unemployment [Data set].
https://stats.mom.gov.sg/Pages/Unemployment-Summary-Table.aspx

• Do not alter the nonstandard spelling and capitalisation in the post

• Retain the hashtags and links

• Note: Include the retrieval date if the contents of a page change over time

Singapore Academy of Corporate Management. (2018, July 30). Smart nation Singapore – state concept [Video]. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/5NzZy36L2v4

Harris, S. (Host). (2020, July 23). The future of artificial intelligence [Audio podcast episode]. In Making Sense. Waking Up, LLC. https://www.samharris.org/podcasts

APA Style states that transparency is a core principle of scholarly writing. If you used generative AI in your work, readers need to understand what you did and how you did it.

You should cite AI because:

• Transparency: Readers must be able to understand, evaluate, and potentially replicate your work. [apastyle.apa.org]

• Disclosure of methods: Using AI is part of your research or writing process and should be disclosed when it contributes to the content. [apastyle.apa.org]

• Emerging technology: Unlike common software (e.g. Microsoft Word), generative AI is still an emerging tool and its use should be noted. [apastyle.apa.org]

• Academic integrity: Submitting AI‑generated work as if you created it yourself would be unethical and may be considered academic misconduct.

APA Style does not ban the use of generative AI, but whether you are allowed to use it depends on who you are writing for. [apastyle.apa.org]

Key points:

• APA Style provides guidance on how to cite AI, not permission to use it. [apastyle.apa.org]

• AI use depends on instructor, departmental, institutional, or publisher policies. [apastyle.apa.org]

• You may cite AI even if you did not use it, for example when writing about AI itself.

You need to cite generative AI when:

• You quote, paraphrase, or reproduce AI‑generated content in your work. [apastyle.apa.org]

• The AI output itself is part of your analysis or discussion. [apastyle.apa.org]

• AI tools contributed directly to written content, tables, figures, code, or other outputs included in your submission.

According to APA Style, you usually do not need to cite AI when:

• AI is used only as a search tool, similar to Google or database searching.
  In this case, you cite the original sources you read, not the AI tool. [apastyle.apa.org]

• AI features are integrated into common software (e.g. spelling or grammar suggestions) and do not generate substantive content. [apastyle.apa.org]

AI Company Name. (year, month day). Title of chat in italics [Description, such as Generative AI chat]. Tool Name/Model. URL of the chat

• Parenthetical citation: (AI Company Name, year)

• Narrative citation: AI Company Name (year)

Here are the references for those chats:

Anthropic. (2025, May 20). Essential grammar topics for high school graduates [Generative AI chat]. Claude Sonnet 4. https://claude.ai/share/329173b2-ec93-4663-ac68-4f65ea4f166dopens in new window

Google. (2025, May 22). High school grammar concepts overview [Generative AI chat]. Gemini 2.5 Flash. https://g.co/gemini/share/a1306ce12929opens in new window

OpenAI. (2025, August 21). High school grammar concepts [Generative AI chat]. ChatGPT. https://chatgpt.com/share/68a77b60-0ee4-800c-9acc-cd3fd573c311opens in new window

Perplexity AI. (2025, May 20). High school grammar topics [Generative AI chat]. Perplexity. https://www.perplexity.ai/search/a457cb8c-c663-4c9b-b34e-cb03d8108b35opens in new window

• Parenthetical citations: (Anthropic, 2025; Google, 2025; OpenAI, 2025; Perplexity AI, 2025)

• Narrative citations: Anthropic (2025), Google (2025), OpenAI (2025), and Perplexity AI (2025)